1 提高和改善类词汇做主语例子1：用enhancement 做主语, 句式：Enhancements to sth. can provide sth.Enhancements to public transportation infrastructure, such as expanding subway or bus networks, can provide reliable and efficient options for commuters across different regions. 加强公共交通基础设施，如扩大地铁或公交网络，可以为不同地区的通勤者提供可靠和高效的选择。例子2：improvements做主语，句式improvements to sth. can reduce sth.Simple improvements to infrastructure can reduce the spread of disease. 对基础设施的简单改进可以减少疾病的传播。

　　2 措施和行动类词汇做主语例子1：initiative措施，做主语,句式：initiatives promoting sth. like...can also help do sth. Additionally, initiatives promoting sustainable transportation methods like cycling, carpooling, or telecommuting can also help reduce traffic congestion.此外，提倡可持续的交通方式，如骑自行车、拼车或远程办公，也有助于减少交通拥堵。例子2：action行动作主语，句式：...action from sb. can create a significant impact

　　They believe that collective action from a multitude of individuals can create a significant impact. 例子3：用动名词做主语, 句式：doing sth. can provide...Furthermore, investing in the development of satellite cities or suburban areas with their own employment centers and amenities can provide viable alternatives to living in crowded cities. 此外，投资发展卫星城或拥有自己的就业中心和便利设施的郊区，可以为居住在拥挤的城市提供可行的选择。

　　3 项目类做主语例子：programs做主语, 句式：Programs that focus on doing sth. have shown success in sth.Programs that focus on improving parenting skills, promoting positive social interactions, and providing educational and occupational opportunities for disadvantaged youth have shown success in reducing criminal behavior.注重提高为人父母技能、促进积极的社会互动以及为弱势青年提供教育和就业机会的项目在减少犯罪行为方面取得了成功。

　　4 问题类词汇做主语例子：challenges 做主语，句式xxx challenges, such as ...require efforts from sb. Environmental challenges, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions or protecting biodiversity, require collective efforts from governments, industries, and international organizations.

　　5 影响类词汇做主语：例子：impact 做主语，句式：the impact they have on sth. does not compare to sth. However, the impact they have on society, although appreciated, does not compare to the direct contributions of healthcare workers and educators.然而，他们对社会的影响虽然受到赞赏，但无法与卫生保健工作者和教育工作者的直接贡献相比。

　　6 抽象类名词作主语例子：magnitude and complexity做主语，句式：the magnitude and complexity of ...make it challenging for sb. to do sth.In conclusion, the magnitude and complexity of environmental problems make it challenging for individuals alone to solve them.